Botswana is a member of the Paris Convention, ARIPO (Harare Protocol), the PCT and the WTO/TRIPS.

Botswana has implemented the Harare Protocol (which regulates patent and design filings in ARIPO) in its national laws, thereby giving valid patent protection to applicants seeking to obtain a patent via an ARIPO application. Accordingly, patent protection is currently available by way of a national filing or via an ARIPO application designating Botswana.

Botswana is a member of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT); however, at the present time the domestic laws have not been amended to provide for the PCT. Therefore, although it is possible to file PCT applications designating Botswana, it is not clear whether enforceable rights will at this time be obtained by patents granted on PCT national phase filings in Botswana. The Industrial Property Act, 2010, which has not yet been put into effect, provides for PCT applications.

Botswana is a member of the Paris Convention, the ARIPO (Harare Protocol), the Hague Agreement and the WTO/TRIPS.

Botswana is also a member of the Hague Agreement, so that design protection can theoretically be obtained by way of an international application under the Hague Agreement designating Botswana. However, Botswana has not yet introduced enabling domestic legislation to provide for such international applications, so that it is not certain whether enforceable rights can at this time be obtained by way of such an international application. The new Industrial Property Act, 2010, which has not yet been put into effect, provides for applications under the Hague Agreement.

Botswana is a member of the Berne Convention, the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and the WTO/TRIPS.

Copyright protection applies to ‘works’, which are defined to include literary and artistic works which are original intellectual creations, as well as derivative works.

Literary and artistic works are defined to include:

• books, pamphlets, articles, computer programs and other writings
• speeches, lectures, addresses, sermons and other oral works
• dramatic, dramatic-musical works, pantomimes, choreographic works and other works for stage productions
• expressions of folklore
• musical works
• works of architecture
• works of drawing, painting, sculpture, engraving, lithography, tapestry and other works of fine art
• photographic works
• works of applied art
• illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relating to geography, topography, architecture or science.

Derivative works include:

• translations, adaptations, arrangements and other transformations or modifications of works
• collections of works, collections of mere data (databases), whether in machine readable or other form, and collections of expressions of folklore, provided such collections are original by reason of selection, co-ordination or arrangement.

It has not been possible to establish whether or not protection for plant breeders’ rights or other sui generis protection for plants is currently available in Botswana.

Business vehicles

There are four forms of companies commonly used by foreign investors:

• Close company, which has a minimum of 1 member and a maximum of 5 members, and an appointed accounting officer. These entities are usually aimed at smaller businesses as companies cannot be members.
• Private company, which has a maximum of 25 shareholders.
• A company limited by guarantee (public or private).
• A public company.

Incorporation

The following steps need to be taken in order to incorporate a company:

• Obtain approval of a company name with the Registrar of Companies.
• Submit a completed application using the prescribed form.
• Obtain the consents of a director, the secretary, the shareholders or members to act in the capacity for which they have been named.
• Apply for any trading licenses that are required.

Law

• Competition Act 17 of 2009.
• Competition Regulations 2011.

The Act is enforced by the Competition Authority and the Competition Commission, based in Gaborone

Consumer Protection is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act, 1998. This Act makes provision for the establishment of institutions responsible for the protection of consumers’ interests in Botswana. It also sets out the manner in which consumers should lodge their complaints, how investigations ought to be conducted and other provisions relating to the institution of legal proceedings against a supplier of goods and services.

Currently Botswana does not have any promulgated data protection laws. However, Botswana’s constitution recognises a right to privacy. Some specific statutes may also contain provisions that directly or indirectly relate to data protection.

Smaller matters are dealt with by the Magistrate’s Courts, Small Claims Courts and Customary Courts, which are all subordinate to the High Court. The High Court is the superior court and has the jurisdiction to determine any criminal and civil case. It has the jurisdiction to hear both appellate matters and matters de novo. The highest and final Court is the Court of Appeal, which is the final arbiter of all legal matters in Botswana.

Governing legislation

Employment Act, 1982 and Trade Disputes Act.

Particulars of employment

A contract must be in writing, signed by both parties and contain certain particulars of employment. If not, it will not be enforceable.

Forms of contracts

Contacts of employment are permitted for unspecified periods of time with probation:

• Not exceeding 3 months in the case of unskilled employees.
• Not exceeding 12 months in the case of skilled employees.
• Where a contract is terminated during a probationary period by either the employer or the employee by not less than 14 days’ notice, the contract is deemed to have terminated with just cause and neither party is required to give any reason therefore.

Corporate income tax is levied on the Botswana source taxable income of all companies, other than tax exempt bodies (i.e. pension funds or charities) and small companies that elect to be treated as partnerships or sole proprietorships.

A company, for income tax purposes, includes any body, corporate and association or society (whether or not incorporated or registered), but excludes a partnership. Foreign sourced dividends and interest are deemed to be from a Botswana source and are taxable on accrual, while business profits are taxable only when remitted to Botswana. Nonresident entities carrying on business in Botswana (e.g. branches of foreign companies) are liable for tax in Botswana on the same basis as resident companies.